What I Have Learned in This Course

I have learned a great deal in this course in relation to writing argumentative essays. There is much research involved, as well as objectivity to the position taken on a particular subject. These are, what I have learned, to be the two most important factors in the preparation for a paper. A writer must look at all possible arguments to support his or her position and make this very concise in the thesis statement in the first paragraph of the work. Similarly, one must look at any counterarguments that could arise from the thesis and explore these, as well. All of this research must be done before the paper is written and woven in the supporting paragraphs in the piece. Of equal importance is taking a professional stance on the position/thesis and not an emotionally-driven stance. Using â€Å"I† statements is unacceptable, such as stating â€Å"I think that this is the best policy†¦ †, for instance. Conclusions must come from extensive data review and demonstrate an extremely objective, yet clear stance on the subject from beginning to end. All supporting paragraphs, after the introductory paragraph, that includes the thesis and main points that support it, should be filled with explanatory data to provide cause for the writer’s position. After these arguments (supported by other research) are presented, then counterarguments should be noted. Having not only an literature review before beginning a paper, but, also, an outline with supporting arguments for the position and counter claims to the position with a response to them will make this portion of the argumentative paper easier and is extremely beneficial to the first draft of the work. It is standard in a shorter essay to use four supporting paragraphs that all flow consistently from paragraph to paragraph and a conclusion that does not introduce new facts, but highlights the importance of the writer’s previous information in this final paragraph. This final paragraph should not simply reiterate everything that is already written, but restate the main points and help further support the important stance taken on an issue. This â€Å"wrap-up† of the paper should leave no doubt in the reader’s mind as to exactly what the writer intends the reader to absorb and the importance of the issue to that reader. If further writing and research on the subject is planned, the final paragraph should indicate this. As many times, a short argumentative essay may evolve into a larger research project. After compiling the research, the outline, and then the first draft of the essay, a writer must then review the work and make any needed changes to the paper. Grammatical errors should be corrected, as well as any language that is unclear and may confuse the reader. These essays must be very precise and to the point, so they may involve more than one revision to make a great final paper. I have, also, learned to ask for help involving feedback and constructive criticism, to help understand how another person views my essay. I have learned so much in this class involving this topic and realize that if I follow these â€Å"rules† of writing I can create a great paper. It was hard for me personally, to ask for help, but learned that that is one of the best ways to learn more about how to be a better writer, listener, and student.

Analyse the dramatic importance of the end of Act Essay

Analyse the dramatic importance of the end of Act One of â€Å"A View from the Bridge† (from the bottom of page 35: As the lights go out on Alfieri, they rise in the apartment†¦, to the end of Act One.)  The play ‘A View from the Bridge’, is set in the late 1940’s in New York. The play is about longshoreman on the docks in Brooklyn and -immigrants- Italian Americans; who wanted the American dream. The American dream was to be wealthy, to live in luxury and to have better lives. At that time in Europe a war had started in 1945. The main characters in the play are the Carbone family; they are catholic and have an ‘Italian family code’-trust, honour, love, belief, protection, respect. This play was written by the playwright Arthur Miller; he wrote it in 1955. Miller wrote the play because he was a longshoreman for a while. What inspired him to write the play was a story he heard while working on the docks. In this essay I will be analysing Act One of the play ‘A View from the Bridge’ by Arthur Miller. Miller’s use of stage directions and characterisation; are important techniques in the development of tension, suspense and curiosity in Act One.  The end of Act One is so dramatically important; for the characters’ feelings and relationships between each other have changed. Feelings have changed: Eddie dislikes Rodolfo. Catherine and Rodolfo are in a relationship and are getting really close. Marco threatens Eddie through actions not words. Catherine rebels against Eddie’s wishes. Beatrice is concerned about Catherine’s relationship with Eddie (her â€Å"uncle†). Towards the end of Act One tension is building and the climax happens; Eddie is no longer in control of the situation. The audience can sense that tension; and when the climax happens the audience are filled with suspense and are curious about what will happen next, to Eddie and/or the other characters. One of the other characters in the play is Alfieri and he is a lawyer. Although Alfieri is a character in the play you find out he is narrating it. From Alfieri’s speech, we can tell something tragic is about to happen. The language used in his speech suggests something terrible, awful, unpleasant and shocking, â€Å"I could have finished the story there and then.† You can tell that Alfieri knows what is going to happen, â€Å"I could see every step coming, step after step, like a dark figure walking down a hall towards a certain door.† The use of ‘Dark Figure’ suggests something ‘ungodly’. Alfieri’s speech gradually builds tension; the audience are curious to find out what is going to happen in the rest of the play. Marco and Rodolfo left Italy to earn money for their family, because at that time there was famine in Italy. So they decided to immigrate to America where they now work on the docks. Soon after Alfieri’s speech; in the apartment, Marco tells everyone about how he and Rodolfo sailed to Africa, on a fishing boat. Eddie feels jealous of Marco and Rodolfo and this causes his anger. With sarcasm Eddie says, â€Å"They pay all right on them boats?† This suggests that Eddie is trying to remain calm. Catherine complains about travelling to other places, â€Å"They went to Africa once. On fishing boat†¦ and I was never even in Staten island.† From this you can tell that Catherine envies Marco and Rodolfo, because they have travelled to many countries. When Rodolfo tries to join in the conversation, Eddie ignores him deliberately. Rodolfo says, â€Å"Once we went to Yugoslavia.† Eddie says (to Marco), â€Å"They pay alright on them boats?† This shows Eddie’s jealousy, from him trying to change the subject. Eddie also says, â€Å"They pay alright on them boats†, because he wants to embarrass them- he thinks he earns a lot more than them and is trying to compare the amount of money that he makes with the amount of money they make. When Eddie talks about oranges and lemons he seems annoyed that Rodolfo said something to him. Eddie says (to Marco), â€Å"I heard that they paint the oranges to make them look orange†¦ yeah I heard they grow like green.† Rodolfo says, â€Å"Lemons are green.† Eddie says, â€Å"I know lemons are green, for Christ’s sake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from this you can tell he is irritated when Rodolfo comments on something he is talking about. At this point in the play; Eddie dislikes Rodolfo. The audience feel the tension in the atmosphere as Eddie has a slight outburst. Beatrice is Eddie’s wife and with Eddie they raised Catherine. After Eddie’s outburst Beatrice tries to diffuse the tension in the atmosphere. Beatrice talks to Marco, about his family back home in Italy. Beatrice says (sitting; diverting their attention), â€Å"your wife is gettin’ the money all right, Marco?† From this you can see how tension is released, by Beatrice starting a conversation about Marco’s family. As they are talking you can tell Marco feels lonely and misses his family in Italy. Beatrice says, â€Å"That’s wonderful. You feel better, heh?† Marco says, â€Å"Oh yes! But I’m lonesome.† The stage directions show us he doesn’t always talk about his family; Marco says, â€Å"Oh, no, she saves. I send everything. My wife is very lonesome.† (He smiles shyly) From the way he is shy you can tell he doesn’t often talk about his family. While the conversation is still going on, Eddie shows no respect towards Marco and is being insensitive towards him. Saying, â€Å"I betcha there’s plenty of surprises sometimes when those guys get back, heh?† From this you can see how disrespectful Eddie is being; and how Marco must be feeling towards his comment. At this point in the play, the audience are on the edge of their seats as the atmosphere is filled with suspense; because the audience don’t know how Marco will react to Eddie.

Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for Hiv/Aids Prevention

Learning from Mass Media Campaigns for HIV/AIDS Prevention Reviews of mass media campaigns have a special interest for me. They demonstrate what can be done, and as importantly, what cannot be done, by relying on a 1P approach. I have talked about the 5% Solution before, and noted another review of mass media campaigns for changing health behaviors. This post focuses on the findings from a review of recent campaigns to prevent HIV/AIDS. What is interesting in this report are the comparisons it draws to reviews of earlier campaigns in this area as well as the current state of the art and science.The authors used seven principles to guide their analysis: (1) conducting formative research on and about the target audience; (2) using theory as a conceptual foundation; (3) segmenting one’s audience into meaningful subgroups; (4) using a message design approach that is targeted to the audience segment(s); (5) utilizing effective channels widely viewed by and persuasive with the targe t audience; (6) conducting process evaluation and ensuring high message exposure; and (7) using a sensitive outcome evaluation design that reduces threats to internal validity and allows causal inferences about campaign impact to be made.The question they explore is: to what extent have recent HIV/AIDS campaigns in the literature adhered to these principles? Noar et al (2009) began with a search of peer-reviewed articles appearing from late 1998 through October 2007. Mass media had to be a central or prominent part of a campaign that focused on increasing safer sexual behaviors, reducing risky sexual behaviors, or encouraging HIV testing.At least one outcome measure had to be reported; 38 articles were identified that met these criteria, representing 34 different campaigns. The results on the variables of interest were: Formative research – 16 of the 34 studies (47%) reported any type of research with the audience or pretesting of messages. the most commonly reported activity was research about campaign messages, including pretesting messages or examining message preferences of members of the target audience.Only two studies used formative research to develop or test their outcome measures (a neglected part of the research process in too many studies). Using theory – 44% reported using theory, most often the Health Belief Model, Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, the Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change and the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model. Audience segmentation – 94% (all but 2) described an approach to audience segmentation.Message design – very few campaigns used theory to guide development of persuasive messages. The authors note that while behavioral theories can suggest the type of content to include, HOW that content is formed into messages is often approached without explicit reference to relevant theoretical models such as message framing, emotional appeals, sensation-see king, elaboration likelihood model and the use of narratives.Channels – 21% used a single media channel with television, radio and print media being the channel of choice. The remaining campaigns used other channels (billboards, brochures, Internet, newsletters) and a variety of promotional materials such as baseball cards, postcards, condom packs; a variety of interpersonal strategies including peer education and skill-building workshops and hotlines; and some also included community partners, coalitions and community mobilization in their activities.Process Monitoring – 82% of the campaigns reported audience exposure to messages, with a mean exposure of 77% of the targeted audience (a range of 35% – 100%). There was little reporting of frequency of exposure to campaign messages, and when those data were reported, it was difficult to make comparisons across studies. Outcomes – Pre-Post test designs using independent sampling were employed by a plurality of the campaigns (13 of the 34, or 38%). Eleven studies used only a post-test measure.The authors note that this means that 70% of the campaigns used weak outcome evaluation designs. In 24 of the campaigns (71%) behavioral outcomes were reported, most often either condom use or HIV/STD testing. Among the studies that used stronger designs (the other 30%), only 2 of the 10 found no statistically significant effects. Six studies reported significant changes in outcomes including talked with others about safer sex, continued abstinence, initiated condom use, increased condom use, reduced number of sexual partners, or were tested for HIV.The other two reported changes in behavioral intentions (for example, to use condoms and shifts in stages of change). The authors conclude that, when compared to another review of this literature in 2000, HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns are increasingly: (1) targeting defined audiences developed through audience segmentation procedures; (2) design ing campaign themes around behavior change (rather than solely knowledge or attitude change – though given their selection criteria, this is hardly surprising); (3) using ehavioral theories to inform campaign design; (4) achieving higher message exposure to campaign messages; (5) using stronger quasi-experimental designs with control groups for outcome evaluation (although still far too few studies use these stronger designs); and (6) including measures of behavior change (or behavioral intentions) in outcome assessments. This review highlights how mass communication efforts for HIV/AIDS prevention have shifted from general awareness and knowledge outcomes to ones more tightly focused on achieving behavioral changes among defined segments of the population.While formative research has become commonplace, there are relatively few studies that use research designs that allow for drawing strong conclusions from their findings. This latter point does not mean that research design s must be randomized controlled studies, but as the authors note, even the addition of control groups or using time-series with control communities help address the question of whether there are alternative explanations for the observed effects (for example, that the respondents are not simply placating researchers with favorable or socially desirable responses to their questions).Social marketing is more than mass communication campaigns, but we often use mass media in conjunction with products and services, providing incentives and reducing costs of engaging in new behaviors, and increasing access and opportunities to perform these behaviors. Learning what works with mass media is important, but as other reviews have pointed out, it is not enough to achieve public health outcomes.Some marketers will note that health communication planners have adopted our practices of segmentation, targeting behavior change and using formative research. However, the importance of using theories th at fit the problem of designing persuasive messages is one important takeaway. The other takeaway is the challenge of designing better studies to assess outcomes.Thinking about using comparison populations, or simply delaying intervention among some priority groups while continuing to assess important outcomes, can help us demonstrate that we have more than a very elaborate, and perhaps even effective, placebo. Reference: Noar, S. M. , Palmgreen, P. , Chabot, M. , Dobransky, N. & Zimmerman, R. S. (2009). A 10-year systematic review of HIV/AIDS mass communication campaigns: Have we made progress. Journal of Health Communication, 14: 15-42. 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Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature review - Essay Example cture itself that is involved in the process of learning to be able to update and to continuously improve the totality of the organization (Malhotra, 1996). On the basis of the different defining concepts of learning organization, views presented by different authors can be considered to have contributed to the foundation and improvement of the thought. One of the most influential authors is Peter Senge who viewed that learning organizations is aimed for continuous improvement of the people. This is goal is achieved through the creative and constructive inputs of the people within the organization which is considered essential since efficiency and favorable results can be equated to improvement of the capability of the people and the success of the organization. In the works of Senge, he stressed the important disciples that are related to learning organization which include personal mastery, mental models, building shared vision, team learning and system thinking (Senge, 1990). Another view on the processes involved in the learning organization is presented in the same period. The main focus of the concept presented is the holistic approach and looking at things in a larger and more comprehensive view. Pedler and colleagues said that the learning process of the whole organization is the most essential manner of gaining success as compared to individually training the people. This can be attributed to the fact that the dynamics of the whole organization can be taken into consideration unlike the process wherein each personnel is trained and then the incorporation of each role is undertaken after achieving the required skills. As compared to the specific view, organizational perspective can be considered as more pragmatic prior to application and feasibility study (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell, 1991). The third view on learning organization is achieved through the cumulative assessment of the capabilities of each individual in the achievement of set

Colt's Manufacturing Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Colt's Manufacturing Company - Assignment Example Colt's Manufacturing Company is an American manufacturing company that deals with the manufacture of firearms. Samuel Colt founded it in the year 1836. It makes both civilian and military firearms mainly used in America and other countries (Houze, Cooper, Kornhauser, & Colt, 2006). The companies most popular products include single action army, colt walker, Colt Commando, M4 carbine and colt python. The company mainly targets the United States of America government and the civilians. The company serves both the local and international firearms markets. The company split into two in the year 2002. Colt Manufacturing Company mainly deals with the civilian market while Colt Defense serves the law enforcement countries (Houze, Cooper, Kornhauser, & Colt, 2006). The separation mainly helps in increasing the quality of the products by encouraging specialization. It also enabled the company to clearly assess the performance of the two branches of their productions. This is always done with the aim of maximizing the income through separate management and attracting more investors. A company split up can also take place under the government orders mostly due to concern about monopolistic practices. The Colt's Manufacturing Company highly encourages creativity and innovation in their productions. It is due to this, that they have come up with many firearm designs over their many years in operation. It is also due to this innovation that they have managed to have a tight grip on the firearms production industry making it hard for the survival of new entrants (Groover, 2010). Innovation has also seen them come up with firearm designs that have been termed as way past their time. The Colt’s manufacturing Company mainly uses iron, brass, fiberglass, wood, ceramics, aluminum magnesium, zinc, and steel as their major raw material. Local companies either supply these materials and others imported from foreign countries (Houze, Cooper, Kornhauser, & Colt, 2006). They also reuse some of the local materials as a way of reducing the material price. The company has a huge number of qualified employees who are charged with responsibility of transforming the raw materials into finished products. The machines and equipment that are available at the company for the sake of manufacturing always help the employees. These equipments include gunsmithing lathe, drill presses, riveters, propane torches, rifling cutters; paint both, crimp tools and various others. The company also relies a lot on its researches department, which always makes sure that the necessary information is available. The Colt’s manufacturing Company greatly relies on technology and innovation maintaining their market relevance. The innovation is evident in the encouragement and support they give to their employees during the designing period. Apparently, the company has had many designs that do not make it to the market. This exhibits the level of tolerance that the company accords the designers. The fact that some of the designs by the company have been considered to be way ahead of their time show just how much the level of innovation in the company is high. The company has also avails all the resources and information that the designers might need during the process. The company has highly invested in technology. The development process is enhanced by the use of various machines that facilitate uniformity, quality standards and eliminates the possibility of defects. Such machines include the ones mentioned above. The company

Context of Professional Practice Assignment 1 Guidelines 1000 words Essay - 1

Context of Professional Practice Assignment 1 Guidelines 1000 words - Essay Example The independent sector has assisted the NHS minimize waiting time and increase capacity (NHS Partners Network 2011; Royal College of Psychiatrists 1999). The introduction of patient choice and the creation of independent sector treatment centres in 2008 lead to minimization of waiting times to as low as the 18 week target. Despite its small share in the market, the independent sector in the UK has had a significant effect on the NHS. For instance, it has helped ensure that NHS preserves the quality while minimizing costs. Debate concerning the independent sector indulgence in NHS regularly gives the image that the sector’s portion of activity in NHS is more crucial in scale than it is in the case (NHS Partners Network 2011). Presently, the independent sector indulgence (excluding mental health, dentistry, and GP practices) remains principally static at approximately 5% of the conventional clinical services. In elective care and diagnostic services, approximately 3.5% of the procedures are done by the independent sector. In the fiscal year 2009/10, the independent sector’s share of supply in the mental health services was approximately  £1.33 billion. This is a representation of 9% of all community and mental health hospital services (NHS Partners Network 2011). Independent providers have an important role in the quantity of other specialist areas of care. For instance, the independent hospice movement’s function in the end-of-life care sector. In the community and primary services, the independent sector offers close to 1.5% of the care. The aforementioned figure does not include GP and dentistry practices. It is important to note that GP practices are privately owned small business and they conduct 98% of NHS general practice activities despite regarding themselves as a portion of the NHS. Study conducted recently indicates that there are close to 315 independent GP practices of the total 8,300 practices in England

CRJS478IP5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CRJS478IP5 - Research Paper Example The first step in investigating the crime is to secure the crime scene. Securing the crime scene assists in reducing interference of physical evidence and reduces the chances of contamination to the crime scene. After securing the crime scene the next step is to conduct a preliminary survey of the area to establish the presence of any other evidence around the crime scene. At this stage it is indispensable to take photographs of the crime scene and collect evidence that may be incidental to the crime. After the preliminary survey is conducted, evaluation of physical evidence is conducted. The evaluation in this case will be to determine the position of the remains, if the remains have been moved by the initial respondents, the condition of the remains and other materials at the scene. After the evidence is evaluated, samples are collected from the remains at the scene. Samples of other biological materials at the scene should also be collected. When collecting the samples from the re mains it is important to safeguard against contamination. Contamination occurs when something that was not present is introduced to the crime scene or in the samples collected. Contamination can compromise the analysis and accuracy of samples collected. An effective way of reducing contamination is to limit access to the crime scene which is done by securing the crime scene until evidence is collected and documented. In doing so it is important to restrict the first responders and the law enforcement officers from further access to the scene as they can potentially contaminate the crime scene (Kobilinsky, Levine & Margolis-Nunno, 2009). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic analysts in establishing identification of unknown individuals. DNA analysis uses the DNA make-up of the remains to form a profile that can be used for identification. Because the remains at the scene have

Beveridges Social Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beveridges Social Security - Essay Example "There is world economy, but there is no world polity". (Altiero Spinelli and Brit Federa: Writings by Bevirdige, Robbins and Spinelli) The Beveridge Report is based on certain principles that put forth the cause of the lower strata of the society and social security. Firstly, the main principle underlines in the Report is that all the proposals for the establishment of a Welfare State and to promote the interests of the society, need to be unbiased and non-partisan. The proposals need to be commonly targeted and certainly not in the interest of a section of the society. Besides using past experience and knowledge in governance, proposals need to highlight the positive impact they would bring about, on the entire society, and not only the affluent strata. Secondly, the Report highlighted that social insurance must be incorporated into the process of bringing about social welfare.

E-business in UAE Challenges and Opportunities Research Paper

E-business in UAE Challenges and Opportunities - Research Paper Example This score measures the availability of online services and products in the country’s e-market. In addition, the score of effectiveness measures the level of transaction process that can be completed through the internet. An effective system will enable consumers complete the whole transaction process through the internet. This paper will therefore access the UAE e-commerce through its growth, opportunities, barriers, and the effectiveness of UAE cyber laws. Although UAE’s e-commerce has experienced considerable growth, there have been barriers of effective trading and expansions. These barriers can broadly be categorized as technical, societal, legal & ethical, organizational, cultural or perceptual barriers (Bade 106). Each of these barriers has an effect on the UAE e-commerce. UAE is an Islamic country that has strong value for religion and societal laws. The fear of exposure to western culture is the main cause of restriction on internet usage among the UAE citizens . This has greatly affected the growth of e-commerce since it depends on the internet. Organizational barriers relate to the ability of employees to handle e-commerce through the internet. The UAE culture and value of Islamic religion, makes UAE employees to develop a negative attitude towards exposure to the internet. Internet abuse among employees is also a factor that has restricted growth of e-commerce in UAE. Technical barriers have also contributed enormously to the slow growth of e-commerce in UAE. Although major towns have excellent infrastructures such as high bandwidth and secure high-speed internet, other areas lack such infrastructures. This has halted expansion of e-commerce beyond major cities such as Dubai. Similarly, the UAE has no practical legal regulations that ensure web users the security of sensitive information. This has also contributed to the slow growth of e-commerce in UAE. Despite the availability of constraints and barriers that prevent effective trade, the UAE has many unutilized potentials that can be exploited through effective application of e-commerce. Application of e-business can greatly influence how traders and customers interact with each other through the online services (Reilly 78). The real estate sector can be a major business potential for an investor of e-business. Due to the growing number of investments, the real estate industry is growing constantly. However, there is lack of connection between property developers and buyers or tenants. The e-business can greatly improve the mode of doing business in the real estate sector. E-business will enable tenants or buyers to make payments or purchase products more easily. Other than the real estate sector, the travel industry has many unexploited opportunities that can be exploited through e-commerce. Automated payment systems and booking of tours and transportation is a significant opportunity for e-commerce. The tourism sector will become a major beneficiary of e-comme rce through automated travel packages and bookings. Due to the increasing popularity of Dubai as a tourist destination, the transport sector is a major opportunity for e-business in UAE. The favourable internal and external business environment in UAE has facilitated availability of e-business opportunities. Availability of supportive infrastructures is the main factor that has contributed to the

The regulatory policies for higher education in Mauritius and its Research Proposal

The regulatory policies for higher education in Mauritius and its contibution to the making of a knowledge hub. a comparative st - Research Proposal Example Mauritius is no longer just a country in the Pacific since they have adapted to the internalization of education followed by the opening of the local economy to the international market. It all began with the country’s involvement of the internationalization of education which â€Å"has forced Mauritius to adopt an economic rationale of creating higher education institution...– to foster economic and social development† (Ogachi, 2008). The dream of becoming a knowledge hub stems from the Tertiary Education Commission’s (TEC) Strategic Plan for 2007-2011. The plan concentrates on meeting the demands of globalisation and â€Å"rapid technological progress† (TEC, 2007, p.1). In order to fully realize this plan, it is â€Å"necessary to increase...expenditure for tertiary education and Research & Development† (Ministry of Education, n.d., p. iv). Aligned with the TEC’s action plan, the Mauritius government has used strategies to attract fo reign students to study in their country. As stated in the policy context, the strategy is to create a conducive learning environment so as to raise enrollment from roughly 7% to 30% (SAURA, 2008).

The Satire Behind A Brave New World Essay Example for Free

The Satire Behind A Brave New World Essay In the book A Brave New World, is it possible to say that the author Aldous Huxley conveys the idea that the book is a satire rather than a blue print for a perfect society? This is a controversial question, which may only be answered after analyzing many aspects of the book. For example, Huxley not only uses many exaggerations throughout the narrative and various language resources but he also uses irony to create a satirical and entertaining story. The author uses satire throughout the novel, when approaching certain subjects as, materialism, replacement of love by promiscuity and forgetting about the importance of poetry and literature. Satire is used by Huxley when describing how people in the brave new world believe that ending is better than mending. In other words, you should never allow something you possess to be old and out of date. Instead you should replace them constantly to the new and latest product available. He also shows how people are induced to buy more and more with the constant use of propaganda. This may be seen as ironic to the reader as people always try to save the most money as possible in our present world, while in the brave new world people believe that you should always be spending money on as most activity and consumptions as possible. This creates a contrast to the world in which we are living in. In the beginning of the novel we are introduced to the promiscuity and the lack of commitment in the lives of the characters. What is seen in the story is that the reason for sexual relations with another human being is only for pleasure and not for conceiving a child and that it is better for a woman to be as most promiscuous as possible and be with as many men, opposing our knowledge, that a woman should marry and be faithful to one man only. This may be seen as a satire because it contradicts the knowledge that human beings have had so far .In the book characters such as Lenina and Fanny are constantly discussing the subject of sexual relations showing how their ideas in relation to men contradict todays thoughts, making this a very interesting and unique aspect of the book. Another very amusing aspect of the book is that people living in the brave new world believe that reading is a waste of time and it is seen as an insult a person who believes that poetry and literature (Shakespeares plays for example) should be valued. I believe this adds to the irony of the narrative because nowadays people value more and more learning about poetry, literature and art, and the history behind it. So when reading the novel, it is very interesting to see how Huxley portrays these opposing ideas found in the hypothetical perfect world he created. He shows how the people in the Brave New World are not interested in old things, they are however interested in seeing new and superficial movies with no significant meaning behind them. I believe that these aspects of the narrative were approached and developed in such ironic and satirical way; to allow the reader to reflect on what was the authors intention was when doing so. I believe Huxleys intention was to show how the idea of Utopia may be so aspired and worshiped by humans; however it may not be so perfect after all. Even though in the brave new world people are always happy, they dont experience feelings of love and even though they have the power to consume products in such great amounts, they are not allowed to the power of freedom. The author approaches these subjects throughout the novel in such way that it is amusing and entertaining to the reader, making him want to read more and discover more unique aspects attributed to the characters and the narrative created by Huxley.

The Green Movement Essay Example for Free

The Green Movement Essay Purpose: The purpose of this lab report is to demonstrate how changes in abiotic factor such as changes in precipitation patterns can influence plant populations. Introduction: During this observation I was observe ring the plant species called Kentucky Blue Grass. In this observation I will show how changes in the weather can affect the population of the grass. I will also explain how this may have some effect on Global Warming as well. Hypothesis: My hypothesis of this lab was that if you have more rain the population of the grass will greatly increase. Along with decent to great weather to help the grass grows and become healthy. Methods: There were three different times that I changed the rainy season to last The first experiment the rainy season lasted 150 days for five years, the next season lasted 100 days for five years and the last rainy season as set to last 50 days for five years. Results: My hypothesis was correct to a certain extent. I would think that the cooler the temperature the better the population but it seems that the warner the weather is when the biggest population occur. Discussion/Analysis: During the first observation I changed the rainy season to last 150 days. When the experiment started the temperature outside was 30 degrees and the population of the grass started at 500,000. As the first year went on the population slowly raised but for the most part stayed the same. When you look at the last days of year three, there seems to be a dramatic low point in the population. While looking at the data when the temperature raises to 42.1 degrees the population went down to 54,748. Going into the fourth year the population made another drastic turn and the population rose to 609,747. Getting close to the end of the fifth year the population changed back to its steady pace of 600,000. In the next observation when the rainy season lasted 100 days there was a little bit of difference but not that much. In the first observation the temperature rose to a maximum of 70 degrees and that lasted just one day and during that day the population was at 820,624. When the season lasted 100 years in the experiment the temperature constantly change with much difference. During the first year the temperature stated at 30.2 degrees and the population was at 500,000. In the middle of that year the temperature rose to 71.3 and the population grew to 821,915.If we look at the end of the third year the population took a drastic fall. The population was steady at first but feel from 824,489 to 3,168. The fourth year seemed to be the year that the temperature rose and feel the most but the population was the most consistent

The Importance Of Public Sector Undertakings Economics Essay

The Importance Of Public Sector Undertakings Economics Essay ABSTRACT Public sector undertakings (PSUs) are considered to be vital and crucial pillars for strengthening countrys economy. The prime purpose of starting public sector enterprises was to fabricate infrastructure for economic growth and economic development. Since their birth PSUs have played an essential role in achieving the goal of economic development. Various factors such as deterioration of financial performance of PSUs, rising fiscal deficit forced Government to adopt a radically new approach towards the working of PSUs. The policy measure implemented involved Disinvestment of public sector undertakings (PSUs) .During the regime of P.V Narasimha Rao, entire new economic policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) was introduced in India in the year 1991.Dr Manmohan Singh was the finance minister who successfully implemented the policy of Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) into India. The goal of Disinvestment policy was as follows: Improving the financial performance of PSUs. Generating resources to reduce the fiscal deficit. Promoting extensive public participation (including employees). INTRODUCTION Public sector undertakings (PSUs) are the companies established, maintained and controlled by the Central Government of India having 100% stake in it. In 1947 when India became independent, the country was confronting with a variety of socio-economic concerns which had to be resolved. India was mainly agriculture dependent economy with poor infrastructure facilities, no knowledge about investment, pathetic industrial base and low level of savings. There was wide difference in incomes of different people. The private sector neither had the necessary resources, trained managerial staff nor the ability to undertake risks involved in long term projects which forced the state government to intervene in all the sectors of economy. The type of problems faced by the country in all domains including economical, social obliged the Government of India to focus on public sector enterprises (PSEs) to empower self -dependent economic development. The holistic outline of public sector undertakings in India is heterogeneous mixture of service industries, manufacturing industries and infrastructural industries. The basic objectives of starting public sector enterprises in India were as follows: Generate employment opportunities. Reduce gap between incomes of different people by redistribution of wages. Promote rapid economic growth. Improve essential infrastructure for economic development. Support development of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Central public sector units are widely diversified in products and services from steel manufacturing, instruments and machine tools, road transport, power generation, mineral mining, coal mining, manufacture of heavy machines, telecommunication equipment, equipments for thermal power station. Over the last five decades, huge investments have been done in public sector enterprises to expand their production, employ new emerging technologies. As on 31st March, 2005 there were 237 central public sector undertakings out of which 10 fall under the category of enterprise under construction, 144 are from field of manufacturing/producing goods and 83 under the head of enterprises providing services. From the Table-1 it is evident that initially at the commencement of First Five Year Plan, only Rs.29 crore was the total investment for 5 enterprises. After gradually increasing the budget, at the commencement of Fifth Five Year Plan, the total investment reached whooping Rs.6237 crore and the n umber of units became 122.By the end of the fifth Five year plan, total investment touched Rs.15534 crore and the number of enterprises reached 169.From the data, it is quite clear that there has been increasing trend of investment from the commencement till the end of fifth five year plan, a rise of 149.06 % is observed. Similarly a hike of 57.70% in investment was examined from the start till the end of eighth five year plan. The investment made in public sector in 2005 was Rs.3, 57,849 ,an increase of 2.24 % from 2004.It can thus be concluded that there is increasing tendency towards investment made in the different five year plan. TABLE 1: DISINVESTMENT The dictionary meaning of word disinvestment is opposite of investment. Investment means putting money into something with the hope to generate profits from it. So disinvestment means to pull out money from the investment. Initially central government had 100% stake in all the public sector enterprises, but due increasing fiscal deficit government is forced to sell 5 or 10 % stake to the public, thereby generating income for government spending. This way the government is losing full control over the corporations, but has no other option. Many times the government finds it very difficult to fulfil all the financial obligations of public sector enterprises, hence undergoes rigorous resource crisis. To bring back countrys economy on right path, disinvestment formed an important part of structural reforms carried on by the government. The two most important reasons which favour disinvestment are as under: Offer financial support to public sector undertakings (PSUs). Develop effectiveness efficiency of the public sector enterprises. The resources raised from the sale of the stake of enterprises must be utilized for clearing past debts and thus reduce interest burden of government. Principal goals for privatising the PSUs The key objectives for privatising the PSUs are, as under: Discharge huge amount of public resources blocked in non-strategic public sector enterprises divert them towards more social issues like primary education, health and necessary infrastructure. Decrease the public debt. Encourage wider public participation by releasing shares in market. Help the government reduce interest burden. To facilitate the growth of the nations economy. Freeing of tangible and intangible resources like labour blocked in maintaining public sector enterprises reorganizing it towards high priority areas which have scare resources. Some additional benefits from privatisation The other advantages to be gained from privatisation are: Disinvestment would picture the private firms towards more market discipline, compelling them to be more effective in their operations, working style. They would act in more responsibly and professional manner by responding to market forces at a greater pace. This would lead towards insertion of corporate governance into privatised companies releasing them from the government control. Disinvestment would yield in fairer distribution of wealth among different individuals, as the shares of public sector enterprises would be offered to small investors and employees. Disinvestment would have a great impact on capital markets, as the more stock inserted into market would bring in more liquidity allowing small investors with easier options to exit from market. It would result in forming more precise benchmarks for estimation of value, pricing. Opening of vast portion of public sector for private participation would raise economic growth benefitting nations economy, employment prospects and tax collections in near future. In many sectors like civil aviation, insurance, telecom, the introduction of private sector has brought in more customer satisfaction by delivering variety of products and services at cheaper rate and better quality. This even increased competition in the market. In case of civil aviation people were fed of Air-Indias services and were demanding entry of private players into field of aviation. The economic reforms along with the public sector reforms were mainly focussing on improving the effectiveness, efficiency production output. Nowadays disinvestment, privatisation is grabbing everyones attention as government is disinvesting stake in 5 to 6 companies every year. The government is planning to divest about 6 companies in year 2011. The New Industrial Policy states that a part of the Government stake in the public sector enterprises would be offered to various financial institutions, mutual funds (MF) and small investors in order to promote large public participation. In the current era of globalization, disinvestment would provide the motivation needed for the public sector corporations to make their mark in the list of top global companies. The Government of India formed a committee under the leadership of Shri V.Krishnamurthy to guide through the various characteristics of the process of disinvestment. It was Dr C Rangarajans committee reports suggestions which reso lved complex and complicated issues related to disinvestment. Similarly to a sports or a revenue department, an entire new department for disinvestment was formed which could solely focus on disinvestment issues, corporations which can be divested. During the NDA government rule, Shri Arun Shourie was the disinvestment minister. When UPA-1 regime started, disinvestment ministry had to be merged with finance ministry due to the mounting pressure from left parties (who are socialist attempting to reduce gap between rich poor) who strongly opposed the formation of disinvestment ministry. Large number of corporation which were divested fell under the category of petroleum oil exploration sector followed by metal, mining and minerals sector. There are basically two approaches to the process of disinvestment: First approach in which the PSUs under the guidance of government issues fresh equity shares which can be brought by small retail investors, QIBs, financial institution, Mutual funds. Second approach in which the government sells it stake directly to the concerned public sector enterprises, interested retail investor, large financial institution.

An Analysis of Political Elitism Essay -- Elitism Democracy Sociology

An Analysis of Political Elitism It is easy to believe that the middle-class working individual, whether he or she be white collar or blue collar, wields little political power except for during an election. It is also easy to think that we don’t have true democracy; political representation elected by the people, for the people, and controlled by these people. This is an ideology that is often worn out. Instead, these elected representatives are controlled by political à ©lites: high-ranking political "gladiators", the media, lobbyists, and, though it may not seem evident, big business. It is, in essence, commonly believed by most. Some reasons why political à ©lites at times dominate government and who these groups are will be examined in this essay. Also, there will be an analysis of those who were political à ©lites in Canada over the past centuries. Also, some new discoveries may be turned up that help us have a better understanding of this elitism. Finally, we will discuss if interest groups and mino rities have real political power, or perhaps they are just given token compensation. Hopefully, by the end of this essay, there will be a better understanding of who really has political power in Canada. Though this paper is an analysis of elitism, we must also dissect the concept of democracy. Needless to say, without democracy in a political system, elitism would not exist. Democracy was a concept developed by the Greeks and the Romans during the classical period. It comes from the Greek word "demos", which means "the people"; and "kratien", which means "to rule". In essence, democracy is a nation’s people rule themselves through elected representatives. Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia reminds us of an important point though. Though the words "democracy" and "republic" are used together universally, they are definitely not the same thing. For instance, Canada is defined as a constitutional monarchy. It is not a republic, yet, we use a democratic system. Another is China, who’s official title is "The People’s Republic of China"; yet, China is far from democratic. Furthermore, democracy is seen as ambiguous. Democracy is not only a concept on which our great natio n is based, but it is also a source for which government can use its authority, and it is also a process. This is where elitism is spawned. Elitism can be seen, from a certain point of view, as ... ...oronto: Key Porter Books Ltd., 1994. Dunn, Christopher. Canadian Political Debates. 1st ed Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1995. Filemyr, Anne. "Conflict and Mainstream Reporting." Canadian Business and Canadian Affairs. 28.3 (August, 1996): 97-101. Francis, Diane. Controlling Interest: Who Owns Canada? 2nd ed. Toronto: Scorpio Publishing Ltd., 1986. Funk & Wagnalls. "Democracy" Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 4th ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Inc., 1983. Guy, James John. How we are Governed: The Basics of Canadian Politics and Government. 1st ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada, Ltd, 1995. Jackson, Robert J.; Jackson, Doreen. Politics in Canada. 4th ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1998. Letter to the CBC ombudsman from the Prime Minister’s Office. Dated October 16, 1998. (www.tv.cbc.ca/cgi-bin/extlnk.cgi?/national/pgminfo/apec/pmo2.html) Penguin Books. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. 2nd ed. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1994. Van Loon, Richard J.; Whittington, Michael S. The Canadian Political System: Environment, Structure and Process. 3rd rd. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Publishing Ltd., 1981. An Analysis of Political Elitism Essay -- Elitism Democracy Sociology An Analysis of Political Elitism It is easy to believe that the middle-class working individual, whether he or she be white collar or blue collar, wields little political power except for during an election. It is also easy to think that we don’t have true democracy; political representation elected by the people, for the people, and controlled by these people. This is an ideology that is often worn out. Instead, these elected representatives are controlled by political à ©lites: high-ranking political "gladiators", the media, lobbyists, and, though it may not seem evident, big business. It is, in essence, commonly believed by most. Some reasons why political à ©lites at times dominate government and who these groups are will be examined in this essay. Also, there will be an analysis of those who were political à ©lites in Canada over the past centuries. Also, some new discoveries may be turned up that help us have a better understanding of this elitism. Finally, we will discuss if interest groups and mino rities have real political power, or perhaps they are just given token compensation. Hopefully, by the end of this essay, there will be a better understanding of who really has political power in Canada. Though this paper is an analysis of elitism, we must also dissect the concept of democracy. Needless to say, without democracy in a political system, elitism would not exist. Democracy was a concept developed by the Greeks and the Romans during the classical period. It comes from the Greek word "demos", which means "the people"; and "kratien", which means "to rule". In essence, democracy is a nation’s people rule themselves through elected representatives. Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopedia reminds us of an important point though. Though the words "democracy" and "republic" are used together universally, they are definitely not the same thing. For instance, Canada is defined as a constitutional monarchy. It is not a republic, yet, we use a democratic system. Another is China, who’s official title is "The People’s Republic of China"; yet, China is far from democratic. Furthermore, democracy is seen as ambiguous. Democracy is not only a concept on which our great natio n is based, but it is also a source for which government can use its authority, and it is also a process. This is where elitism is spawned. Elitism can be seen, from a certain point of view, as ... ...oronto: Key Porter Books Ltd., 1994. Dunn, Christopher. Canadian Political Debates. 1st ed Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1995. Filemyr, Anne. "Conflict and Mainstream Reporting." Canadian Business and Canadian Affairs. 28.3 (August, 1996): 97-101. Francis, Diane. Controlling Interest: Who Owns Canada? 2nd ed. Toronto: Scorpio Publishing Ltd., 1986. Funk & Wagnalls. "Democracy" Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 4th ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, Inc., 1983. Guy, James John. How we are Governed: The Basics of Canadian Politics and Government. 1st ed. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company Canada, Ltd, 1995. Jackson, Robert J.; Jackson, Doreen. Politics in Canada. 4th ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1998. Letter to the CBC ombudsman from the Prime Minister’s Office. Dated October 16, 1998. (www.tv.cbc.ca/cgi-bin/extlnk.cgi?/national/pgminfo/apec/pmo2.html) Penguin Books. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. 2nd ed. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1994. Van Loon, Richard J.; Whittington, Michael S. The Canadian Political System: Environment, Structure and Process. 3rd rd. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Publishing Ltd., 1981.

welfare reform :: essays research papers

divorced, deserted, and minority mothers and their children. Few private and government retirement pensions existed in the United States before the Great Depression. The prevailing view was that individuals should save for their old age or be supported by their children. About 30 states provided some welfare aid to poor elderly persons without any source of income. Local officials generally decided who deserved old-age assistance in their community. The emphasis during the first two years of President Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" was to provide work relief for the millions of unemployed Americans. Federal money came to the states pay for public works projects, which employed the jobless. Some federal aid also directly assisted needy victims of the Depression. The states, however, remained mainly responsible for taking care of the unemployables (widows, poor children, the elderly poor, and the disabled). But states and private charities, too, were unable to keep up the support of these people at a time when tax collections and personal giving were declining steeply. In his State of the Union Address before Congress on January 4, 1935, President Roosevelt said â€Å"the time has come for action by the national government" to provide "security against the major hazards and vicissitudes [uncertainties] of life." He went on to propose the creation of federal unemployment and old-age insurance programs. He also called for guaranteed benefits for poor single mothers and their children along with other dependent persons. By permanently expanding federal responsibility for the security of all Americans, Roosevelt believed that the necessity for government make-work employment and other forms of Depression relief would disappear. In his address before Congress, Roosevelt argued that the continuation of government relief programs was a bad thing for the country: â€Å"lessons of history, confirmed by the evidence immediately before me, show conclusively that continued dependence upon relief induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. To dole out relief in this way is to administer a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit . . ..† A few months later, on August 18, 1935, Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act. It set up a federal retirement program for persons over 65, which was financed by a payroll tax paid jointly by employers and their workers. FDR believed that federal old-age pensions together with employer-paid unemployment insurance (also a part of the Social Security Act) would provide the economic security people needed during both good and bad times.

Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale Essay example -- Atwood Handmaid

Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale In "The Handmaid's Tale", Margaret Atwood tells a saddening story about a not-to-distant future where toxic chemicals and abuses of the human body have resulted in many men and women alike becoming sterile. The main character, Offred, gives a first person encounter about her subservient life as a handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, a republic formed after a bloody coup against the United States government. She and her fellow handmaids are fertile women that the leaders of Gilead, the Commanders, enslave to ensure their power and the population of the Republic. While the laws governing women and others who are not in control of Gilead seem oppressive, outlandish and ridiculous, they are merely a caricature of past and present laws and traditions of Western civilization. "The Handmaid's Tale" is an accurate and feasible description of what society could be like if a strict and oppressive religious organization gained dominant power over the political system in the United States. Of course, one does not need to try to predict the future in order to get a picture of what life would be like if such a strict and oppressive religious organization obtained a stranglehold on our political system. The Holy Roman Empire and various kingdoms of the not-to-distant past, ruled by kings appointed by God through birthright, are packed with stories of poor treatment of those who oppose them and have a consistent theme for foul treatment of women. Few, if any, religious conquests were as gruesome and devastating as the Inquisition. Starting in the 13th century, monarchs from all around Europe, with approval from the Popes during their reigns, anointed inquisitors to track down a certain group of he... ...omen than men and more stories of women succeeding in business and government, one might think that society has evolved from the mediaeval, torturous times of the Inquisition. However, we mustn't forget that the Inquisition did not end until the early 19th century, and that most Western Civilizations did not make strides towards equal rights for women until the 20th century. "The Handmaid's Tale" is a shivering warning about the brutality that humans can enact upon each other, given the opportunity. Many of the religious sentiments expressed during the story are echoes of today's events. From the Inquisition to toxic waste dumps poisoning hundreds of people in a small town to abortion clinic bombings, some of the outrageous and unbelievable events of "The Handmaid's Tale" have already been taking place for centuries, but are hopefully not a omen of what is to come.

Why obama is ruining this country

Obama is not stupid, he is simply evil. He is tearing apart this country from the inside and 51% of Americans were stupid to let this communist bastard back in to the white house even after four years of him doing, well, NOTHING. At least nothing beneficial. Now this socialist pig is trying to get rid of â€Å"assault weapons† and 30 round magazines. Colorado theater shooting, sandy hook, even so far back as columbine high school were a result of a mentally unstable person or persons acting violently because they were insane.If you walked up to a sane, rational person and handed them a loaded AR-1 5 chances are they wouldn't think â€Å"Oh well I have this gun, might as well go rob that gas station, and while I'm at it, I'm going to shoot up a school. † These socialist politicians are too stupid to figure that out. I agree with you that he wants total control of the US, I wouldn't even be surprised if he tried to run for a third term. He could probably find some loop ho le. And all the minorities and illegal would rally behind him if he wanted another term.In addition to all of this, he is a post turtle. He is president, sure, but he sure as hell didn't get there by himself. I will close with saying this: I have only been on this earth for 14 years but In that time I have seen the once great America crumble around me. The world hates us, we turned tall In Vietnam, and now Afghanistan. This once great nation is turning into a communist powerhouse and all the dumb-asses that voted for Obama are scratching their empty minded heads eying â€Å"Well he promised change, I guess capitalism to communism Is change, that's good, right? I have watched time and time again, news reporters walk up to minorities and go â€Å"Do you think Obama Is doing a good Job? † then they would reply â€Å"Well yes. † then the reporter would say â€Å"What do you think he has done that has benefited us the most? † then they would respond with, â€Å"Wel l, man, uh†¦. It's all good. † And that's the best they could come up with. I submit that If America continues on this path, It might as well bend over, grab It's ankles, and kiss It's ass goodbye.

Academic Writing Skills Guide Essay

Introduction Preface to the first edition (2002) We have written this guide for you to help you on the way to becoming proficient in your chosen field of economics or business administration. As you advance in your studies, you will demonstrate your proficiency through the essays, papers, case reports, and other texts that you write. Your writing is thus a marker of your relative expertise in your discipline. Yet, it is also a means in itself. Writing helps you organize your own ideas, discover the strengths and weaknesses in your thinking, and internalize the knowledge you construct. We hope this guide will help you on your way. But like all guides, it does not contain everything. As Voltaire said, â€Å" the best way to be boring is to leave nothing out† This guide acts as a starter – it is up to you to . go deeper. Just as you will find with your writing assignments, we too have gone through the writing process in the construction of this guide. We constructed a plan, consulted numerous sources and people, wrote the text, revised it, and edited it, all the time trying to keep it clear and simple. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay In putting together this guide, we have aimed to follow Ernest Hemingway who said, â€Å" My aim is to put down on paper what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way. †We hope we have succeeded. Henri Mennens, MSc Robert Wilkinson, MSc Second edition (2010) The second edition of this guide to academic writing is a thorough revision of the first edition (2002). Apart from changes to chapter 2, we have significantly changed chapters 3 and 5. In addition, we have completely rewritten chapter 4 on citing and referencing in line with the current (2010) citation and reference norms of the American Psychological Association. Major changes also entail the introduction of many more examples. In addition, the format requirements for submitting papers has changed. 2 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction We have not included information on grammar and punctuation, since we expect students at the School of Business and Economics to have a good command of these aspects on entry. However, we are aware that many users of this guide will wish to seek reassurance in this respect. We recommend users to consult a good grammar book or one of the many good writing sites on the Internet. Robert Wilkinson, MSc Jeannette Hommes, MA NOTE: the Guide is not presented in the format that you have to present your papers (see section 5). However, where extracts of student essays are given, these are in the required format. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the many people and sources we have consulted during the construction of this guide. In particular, we would like to express thanks to Henri Mennens for his work on the first edition, and Keith Campbell of the Language Centre who adapted the first edition of this guide in 2006. We also thank the Academic Writing tutors of the Language Centre for their inputs and the many students who have made use of the first edition. Furthermore, we are indebted to Mike Hannay and Lachlan Mackenzie, whose book Effective writing in English: A resource guide (both the 1996 and 2002 editions) has been a major source of information for chapters 2 and 3. We acknowledge the American Psychological Association whose â€Å" Publication manual† (American Psychological Association, 6th ed. , 2010) has been an excellent support in the construction of chapter 4 in this guide. Finally, we are grateful to the Director of the School of Business and Economics for supporting the production of this second edition. 3 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction 1. Introduction Academic writing covers the wide range of specific writing tasks that you are required to write during the course of your academic studies: papers, reports, literature reviews, projects, case studies, dissertations, theses, research papers, and articles. Some of these text types are quite rare outside the academic environment (papers, literature reviews, dissertations, theses); others (reports, projects, etc.) may well be aiming at a much broader public. However, what they all have in common is a similar type of reader: a person educated in the specialist field (here economics or business studies), and usually acting as a professional in that field. These target readers represent the professional community of which you aim to become a member. To be accepted as member requires you to meet the norms and standards that the professional community expects. Thus with regard to writing, you are expected to adhere to the norms expected by the (international) academic community. Compare this to a relay race in athletics. In the relay race, you run with three other runners. If you are one of the two middle runners, you have to collect the baton smoothly from the previous runner and pass it on to the next runner. In the relay race your team runs against other teams (your local community). All of you have to run according to the set of rules agreed by the sports governing body (the professional community). If you do not, your team may be disqualified. The rules set the framework for a potentially great race, and within the rules there is vast scope for individual flair and talent. So with academic writing: you have to write according to the ‘ rules’ but to write well demands your own indi, vidual talent and enterprise. Just as a highly skilled athlete knows how to use the rules to his advantage, so an expert writer uses the norms and standards of professional academic writing to persuade readers of the power of his argument. We should not extend this athletics analogy too far: sports have clear sets of rules that everyone can read and study; academic writing does not. What a professional academic field has is a set of overt norms, such as a style guide. This guide is based on the editorial style requirements described in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010). Alongside these is a set of covert norms that are just as powerful. Examples of the covert norms will be the nature of argumentation that is considered acceptable in the field. Covert norms are hidden and therefore take a long time to acquire. Most novice writers acquire them through extensive reading in the field, and by paying active attention to the way other writers use 4 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction language. This process of acquisition demands close observation of how expert writers use words and expressions differently in different types of text, e. g. literature reviews or case studies in a single field (e. g. marketing). Academic papers (and most other forms of academic writing) are typically expository or argumentative. An expository or informative paper describes or explains a particular set of phenomena, and provides an account of why these phenomena are found in one or more specific situations or contexts. The goal of the expository paper is also to acquaint the reader with a body of knowledge. An argumentative or persuasive paper must choose a side, make a case for it, consider and refute alternative arguments, and prove to the undecided reader that the opinion it presents is the best one. You must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. It is always best to take a side that you believe in, preferably with the most supporting evidence. To develop a good academic paper you should go through a number of stages, called the writing process. The following seven stages can be distinguished: The writing process 1. Thinking stage 2. Research stage 3. Outline stage 4. Drafting stage 5. Revising stage 6. Editing stage 7. Final version stage } } Planning process Transfer in a first draft output Revising & editing Final output Figure 1. Stages of the writing process 1. Thinking stage In this stage you determine your topic area (which may of course already be given), brainstorm about ideas on the topic, select, reject and focus those ideas, before arriving at your final choice. 5 Guide to Academic Writing Skills. Introduction 2. Research stage Here you search for and study background literature and other materials, analyse the results, draw your own conclusions and interpretations, etc. 3. Outline stage In this stage you draft an outline of the paper you intend to write, setting out your main aim or purpose in the paper (the purpose statement or thesis statement), sketch how you will develop the points that follow from the purpose, and indicate how you will conclude the paper. 4. Drafting stage Here you put down on screen successively improved versions of your paper. 5. Revising stage In this stage you scan your work on a macro level for logical coherence, checking whether you need to add or delete information, whether sections need rephrasing for clarification. 6. Editing stage Here you edit your text on a micro level, checking the grammar, spelling, punctuation, in-text citations, references and the layout. 7. Final version stage In this stage you set out the final paper neatly and clearly. Writing a paper is recursive: you do not start at the beginning, and work through straight to the end, and that is that. At all times you will be ‘ backtracking’ ‘ or looping’so that as you are , writing your first draft, you may discover you need to add more information and have to return to the research stage. During the revising stage, you may discover that your original plan was too broad, and so decide to cut out a whole section. You may produce several revised versions of the paper before your final version. Do not forget to allow yourself plenty of time between writing your first draft and your final version. Figure 2 illustrates the three groups of actions in writing a paper, the planning process, the transfer, and revision and editing. The figure emphasizes the recursive nature of writing a paper in that each action not only feeds into the next but feeds back into the previous actions, entailing revision of those actions. 6 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction â€Å" You may start with a plan, conduct some research (reading, library and/or Internet search), analyse and then synthesize the information you have acquired, construct a question or a statement that you will examine, draft an outline, write a rough draft of the introduction, start writing the body, then stop. You go back, conduct some more research, adjust your outline, rewrite the body, write a bit more, adjust the introduction, perhaps adjust the statement of your purpose, then stop again. You conduct more research, rewrite the body again, draft a conclusion, go back to the introduction, adjust the purpose, rewrite the introduction, then stop. You let the paper ‘ simmer’for a while, then reread it, adjusting here and there for content accuracy, perhaps search or check for a contrary argument, throw out less relevant parts of the paper, check the logical development of your ideas and arguments, and wrap up the conclusion. Then you check again for spelling (using the spellchecker, but also reading carefully word by word), check for grammar (using the grammar checkers wisely), check all punctuation, check the layout, check the citations and the references. You check too for sentence length (eliminate very long, rambling sentences), check paragraph structure (particularly if the topic of the paragraph changes in the paragraph – check the subjects of the main verbs), check the logical links between paragraphs and sections. And so on. † Figure 2: The writing process and its recursive nature (Bruer, 1993). This guide is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the planning process, describing the planning activities and the construction of an outline. Chapter 3 elaborates on the structuring of the paper, through a detailed discussion of the three parts of a paper, introduction, body, and conclusion. Moreover, structuring a paper effectively requires that you write wellconstructed paragraphs: this chapter also provides brief guidelines on paragraph organization. Chapter 4 explains the importance of citing sources and giving references, and provides guidelines how to put them in the paper in a correct way. Chapter 5 concentrates on finalizing the paper. This chapter discusses the format requirements, text revision and the evaluation of the paper. To conclude, this guide helps you to master the process of academic writing, which you can apply to the specific writing assignments during the course of your academic studies. It specifies the elements necessary to a successful academic paper. But keep in mind two things. First, each assignment will be different and require a different organization. Second, writing is a skill; 7 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Introduction  you only get better at a skill through regular practice. Regular practice leads to routine and expertise. The application of the principles of this guide can be of use until your last writing examination: the final thesis. However, this guide just contains a brief summary of the different topics discussed. For more information you should consult literature, especially the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010, 6th ed. , in the University Library), and the Internet. Besides, keep in mind that the writing process is not just simply following a set of rules. Try to develop your own style, expertise and talent, in order to distinguish yourself. Good luck with your writing career! 8 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 2. The planning process In order to get a good start to writing your paper, it is important that you go successfully through the planning process. This chapter describes the different activities of the planning process. Then, section 2. 2 discusses the most important stage of the planning process: the construction of an outline. 2. 1. The planning activities. During the planning process, according to Hannay and Mackenzie (2002), you are concerned with six major activities: 1 Generating ideas for the content. Ideas for content can come from several sources: from your own knowledge, from discussions with other people, and from various media sources (written texts, audio-visual media and electronic media). Brainstorming techniques help you to generate ideas in the first two categories. 2 Selecting and classifying points. Here you are concerned with ordering your ideas. Analyse them to determine the extent to which they are connected with each other. Ideas and concepts that are highly connected are likely to form key points in your texts. Those which are less closely connected may form essential supporting topics, or may need to be abandoned. Some may require more development. Always be prepared to get rid of ideas that prove not to be relevant to your argument. 3 Establishing your perspective. In this activity you need to decide what angle you are going to take with your material. Are you taking a historical perspective, or only discussing the present situation? Are you taking an objective position, or are you bringing in your own personal standpoint? Are you taking a general viewpoint, or only a specific case? Are you looking at the matter from your home country’ perspective? Are you discussing a general issue or only a nas tional situation? 9 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process 4 Determining your intention. Now you need to consider what you want to do with the text. Do you want to present both sides of an argument equally, or do you want to present only one side? Do you need to give examples, or will your argumentation be sufficient on its own? Do you want to persuade the reader of your opinion, or are you only wishing to describe the matter? Do you want just to present a problem, or do you want to offer solutions as well? What you are going to do with your text must become very clear to the reader in the thesis statement: this statement directs the readers to the purpose of the text. 5 Formulating a draft title, structuring the introduction and conclusion. Here you should set down a working title and devise a draft structure for the introduction and the conclusion. At this stage your drafting should only be provisional: you should write the actual version only after you have written the body of the  paper. This is because you do need to know what your introduction is indeed introducing, and you need to know what your conclusion is concluding. A useful rule of thumb is: Plan your introduction, then your conclusion, and then your body, but write your body, then your conclusion and then your introduction. 6 Drafting paragraph themes. At this stage, go back to the ideas (themes) you have selected and classified. Now you have to decide which will be suitable for your text. Each theme usually is the basis for a single paragraph. Each theme too will require sufficient development; so do not try to include too many. As a rough guide, you probably cannot treat adequately more than about 4 themes in a 1000-word paper (roughly 3 pages), while a 2500-word paper (roughly 6 pages) will seem overwhelming if it includes more than 9 or 10 themes. Once you have selected your themes, list the points that you need to make to support the theme in the paragraph. 2. 2. The planning outline The goal of the planning outline is to help you organize your ideas, and present them in a logical order. It serves to identify the relationships between the ideas: it allows you to see how related ideas can be grouped together, and which ideas you can cut out, and which ideas need more support. A good outline helps you to maintain the direction in your paper, and prevents you from getting distracted into irrelevant information. 10 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process Figure 3 lists six steps that may be considered in the development of a planning outline. 1 Decide the purpose of your paper and the audience you are writing for. 2. Develop a statement in which you define the goal or purpose of your paper (commonly called thesis statement). This clarifies what you are going to present or argue in the paper. At this stage you may not have a definitive version of this statement. 3 List all the important points you want to handle in the paper. These points have to be split in three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The points in the introduction include the items that lead to the purpose or thesis statement (so-called background information), and a statement of the purpose or goal that should now be defined precisely. When you are planning your paper, you will group all your ideas around one central theme. This theme forms the core of your purpose or thesis statement or research question. The points in the body have to be logically organized so that they follow from your purpose and lead towards the conclusion. In a larger paper (for example a Master’ thesis), you usually develop a set of subquestions, covering the s points that lead to an answer to the research question. By answering step by step the different subquestions in the body, you can draw a structured and well-founded conclusion at the end. The points in the conclusion include the summary of the facts that lead to an answer to the statement or question you started with and the answer itself. 4 Categorize the points in the body under general headings so that you can identify which points need more development (e. g. you have to do more reading) and which points are not useful or relevant (delete these). Choose precise, concrete words for the headings: avoid vague terms. Relate the headings to the purpose of your paper. If your paper is describing a situation, you are more likely to choose noun structures for headings (for example: Failure of Bretton Woods). If your paper is oriented to action, you may choose verbal structures; typically -ing forms in English (for example: Reforming the auditor’ duties). s 5 Work out how one idea follows logically from the previous one. Note down how you will make the transitions from point to point. This is a key step, but one that is often underrated. Failure to think out the transitions in the planning stage can cost you more time in the revising stage. 6 Finally, look back at the whole outline, and check that you are satisfied that it all hangs together logically and conceptually. Now you are ready to start writing. Figure 3. Six steps in the planning process. Outlines are generative. They are most useful if you modify them as you write in line with new thoughts or information. Some of you may find that a simple, less detailed written outline is sufficient – you may be very competent in holding the full structure in your mind – but you may add more detailed points to the outline as you progress. Most of you, however, find that a relatively detailed outline on paper is an effective reminder of what the goal of your paper is and of what you have selected from the literature, and an efficient guide to how far you have come. 11 Guide to Academic Writing Skills The planning process An outline as a simple list of points (see Figure 4, box a) may not help you organize and structure your paper. A more organized outline (see Figure 4, box b) will help you see how the different parts hang together and may facilitate the writing. Many American writing textbooks and websites provide detailed guidance on writing outlines. Under the American convention, outlines are structured using the following symbols (Roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals). This is only a convention used in the writing process: it is not part of APA style, and under no circumstances should it be used in the final paper (see for example Purdue University’ Online Writing Lab: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/544/03/). Box c (Figs ure 4) illustrates the framework using the American conventions. a Unhelpful outline Topic: The Struggle for the Mobile Phone Market 1. Description of the European mobile phone market. 2. Major players: Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens. 3. Focus of youth market. b Structured outline 4. Future trends in the market European Commission case on choline chloride cartel 1. Introduction 1. 1. Background to case: choline chloride cartel 1. 2. Aim of paper (thesis): European Commission took the right decision to fine the firms, because they had formed a cartel, but the fines are not sufficient to discourage cartel forming in the future. Key economic issues 2. 1. Market description 2. 1. 1. Producers 2. 1. 2. Consumers 2. 2. Agreements 2. 2. 1. Price fixing 2. 2. 2. Market sharing Economic impact on competition 3. 1. Fixed prices raised income for producers 3. 2. Market sharing reduced competition 3. 3. Economic impact of cartel (Perloff) 3. 3. 1. Oligopoly 3. 3. 2. Welfare analysis European Commission decision 4. 1. That the market is an oligopoly 4. 2. That the market is not competitive 4. 3. Punishment for firms 4. 3. 1. Fines 4. 3. 2. Leniency ruling Conclusions 5. 1. Summary 5. 2. Price setting agreements have a big impact on the market 5. 3. Fines based on gravity and duration of infringement 5. 4. Leniency: fines not high enough to discourage cartel formation in future. 2. 3. 4. 5. 12 Guide to Academic Writing Skills c Classic formal outline (American style) I. II. First item Second item A. sub-item B. sub-item 1. sub-sub-item 2. sub-sub-item Third item. The planning process III. Figure 4. Examples of outlines. 13 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. Structuring On the basis of the outline, described in the previous chapter, it is now possible to continue with the structure of your paper. You started the structuring process already in steps three and four of the construction of an outline, described in section 2. 2. The structuring process continues by implementing these steps in the paper, starting with the introduction. Section 3. 1 discusses the structuring process of the introduction, section 3. 2. covers the middle part (or body), and section 3. 3. the discussion and conclusion. Structuring a paper effectively also requires that you write well-constructed paragraphs. This is discussed briefly in section 3. 4. 3. 1. The introduction The introduction has three functions, all of which must be present. First, it sets the context by introducing the topic of your paper. This is called the background information. This information leads to the second function: it specifies the purpose of the paper. Finally, the introduction contains a short outline of how you are going to handle the aspects of your topic in the rest of the paper. Any introduction in which one of these functions is missing is necessarily incomplete. The length of the introduction varies from one paragraph to several pages, depending on the total length of the paper. Three other factors influence the length. First, how familiar are your readers with the context? If, for example, you are writing about small and medium-sized businesses in Nepal, you may have to explain much more of the Nepalese background for readers who are less familiar with that country, since the readers may wish to compare Nepalese SMEs with those in other developing countries. Second, what the type of paper (or genre) are you writing? If, for example, you are writing a review of the academic literature on internet auction markets, your introduction might be quite short, since you will include the information from your review in the middle of your paper. Similarly, if you are examining a competition case from, say, the European Commission or the US Department of Justice, then you may not need much background information, for you can refer almost straightaway to the case. On the other hand, in a paper in which you argue a point of view (e.g. the abolition of export subsidies), then you may need to present adequate background information before introducing your pur- 14 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring pose. Third, what economics or business discipline are you addressing? The length of introductions may differ between econometrics, labour economics, marketing, strategic management, and so on. It is wise to check by reading relevant previous papers in the target discipline and the target genre, as well as taking the readers’ familiarity into account. Nevertheless, as a useful rule of thumb, it is valuable to think of your introduction as being about one-eighth of the length of the text you are writing. Thus, the introduction to a 1000word paper would be about 125 words; the introduction to a 10,000-word dissertation would contain about 1250 words, and may well appear as a short chapter in its own right. So treat the one-eighth concept as a guideline, not as a straightjacket. Writing the introduction depends heavily on personal preference. Some writers like to know exactly how they will begin before they start to elaborate the text they are aiming to write; other writers prefer to know what they have written first, and then write the introduction to fit it, so that it leads to the purpose statement. Yet, a good rule of thumb is to write a draft introduction that leads to your purpose statement, then write the whole text, right to the conclusion, progressively editing as you go along. Only then do you return to your introduction and adjust or rewrite it so that it does indeed fit your paper neatly and satisfyingly. 3. 1. 1. The background information The introduction prepares the readers for what follows. Thus, the introduction has an orientation function. Thus, it should therefore present enough background information so that the readers will recognize that the middle of your paper follows logically and coherently from the introduction – you need to pay attention to what the reader can be expected to know already and what will be new. Your introduction is more effective when it progresses from the known to the unknown (Figure 5). 15 Guide to Academic Writing Skills. Structuring Prediction markets and their applicability for organizational decision making 1. Introduction Whether firms are successful or not depends to a great extent on their decisions about new products. Therefore, top management has large Background information (known less known) incentives to have as accurate information as possible on future demand and success of new products. Usual methods of gathering this information include customer surveys and expert opinions. Often, however, these approaches are very inaccurate and misleading. In order to avoid problems linked to the two methods mentioned above, firms came to think about whether or not to make use of prediction markets as information gathering tools (Ho & Chen, 2007). New information (topic) Prediction markets, also known as information markets or future events (Wolfers & Zitzewitz, 2004), are markets in which price is used as an indicator of the probability that a certain event will occur in the future (Manski, 2006). Market participants buy and sell contracts of the particular event they think will be likely to take place and they receive money when they betted correctly (Wolfers & Zitzewitz, 2004). This Purpose of paper paper investigates the question whether or not firms should engage in prediction markets to make informed decisions. Outline Firstly, it explains some general aspects of prediction markets. Secondly, it describes examples of this forecasting tool, focusing for illustration on the Iowa Electronic Market and finally it compares benefits and disadvantages of implementing prediction markets in businesses. Figure 5. Example of an introduction from a first-year business paper. 16 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring 3. 1. 2. The purpose statement The purpose statement is a vital component in academic papers. It marks the high point of the introduction. This statement is a clear expression of the purpose that your paper is expected to assert, explain, support, or defend (Fulwiler & Hayakawa, 2000). It summarizes the main idea of a paper and makes that idea explicit to the readers. The statement answers the questions the critical reader has: â€Å" what? Why does this paper exist? What’ it all about? † So s In the literature on academic writing, you will meet the term ‘ thesis statement’ This term cov.ers the statement that the writer is going to argue in his or her paper. Strictly speaking, it is relevant to argumentative papers where you are advancing a claim (the thesis), and then in the paper you present the arguments (evidence) that demonstrates whether the claim holds. An example of an argumentative paper is a position paper in which you set out a particular theoretical position (opinion) based on arguments (evidence). Many papers that you write will not be essentially argumentative papers. You may often simply be explaining a phenomenon or showing and analysing data. Sometimes, you may simply be answering an exploratory question. However, all papers do require a statement or question that neatly summarizes what you are going to do in your paper (see Table 1). Table 1. Types of papers and associated purpose statements*. Type of paper Argumentative paper Purpose as: expressed Explanation You argue a proposition (claim). You present the arguments (evidence) for and against the claim, and decide whether the claim is supported or not. You start with a question about a phenomenon, and devise one or more hypotheses that you will test in your research. Your experimental paper reports the results. Example Government action to restrict the bonuses paid to investment bankers is unwise because it is harmful to the economy as a whole. Are poor people more generous than rich people? Poor people will give a larger percentage of a monetary gift to poor people than rich people will. Thesis statement Experimental per pa- Research question; hypothesis 17 Guide to Academic Writing Skills Structuring Exploratory analysis data Research question You conduct a survey or a series of interviews, for example, but do not have an explicit hypothesis before you start. You have a research question, but do not know in advance what the answers may be. How much do students know about financing small and medium-sized businesses? Or: This paper explores the knowledge students have about the financing of †¦ This paper reviews recent experimental research into the principal-agent relationship. This paper examines whether the economic grounds for approving the merger were sound. OR: Were the economic grounds for approving the merger sound? The European Commission was justified in fining the lift manufacturers as their cartel had distorted competition and reduced consumer welfare.

You Too Can Have a Healthy Skeletal System

You too can have a healthy skeletal system, even in old age Announcer: I Just came from the doctor and I am definitely going to start hiking once a week, and am going to bump up my exercise routine to three times a week. I also need to get to the grocery store to buy some calcium-rich foods. Radio Personality: You know, I am so sick of my doctor telling me what to eat and when to exercise. I am naturally in good shape and can eat whatever I want and still have a great physique.Announcer: We both are getting up there in age, and I hope you realize that It Is not serially what is on the outside, but what is happening on the inside that matters when it comes to arthritis, osteoporosis, and injuries from falls. Yes, the fact that you are able to keep a good weight Is a starting point, but I am sure that you have many other risk factors for all of these problems. Radio Personality: What other risk factors could I possibly have? Announcer: Well for starters your smoking Is a risk factor fo r osteoporosis and I am sure that it does not help your overall health In general.Both of our ages will always e a risk factor, and also your fast-food diet and alcohol consumption Is a risk factor for arthritis, osteoporosis, and Injuries from falls. Radio Personality: What can I do? I think the damage may already have been done. Announcer: You can begin by stopping the smoking and drinking alcohol on only special occasions. Exercise regularly, especially bone and muscle strengthening exercises, and eat a healthy diet that Is rich In calcium and Valetta D. Have regular eye check-ups and carefully look at the side-effects of any medications you may be taking.

An Important Skill In Modern Education Education Essay

Critical thought is an of import accomplishment in modern instruction. Many academic sections hope that its pupil will be good at critical thought accomplishments. In my sentiment, I give support to use this in my category because it would assist all pupils to analyze and work more efficaciously. In this essay, I will present by and large approximately critical thought and argue that critical thought should be promoted in my category. With regard to schoolroom, critical thought theory can be summarized as follow: Definition of Critical Thinking â€Å" Critical Thinking is the general term given to a broad scope of cognitive and rational temperament needed to efficaciously place, analyse, and measure statements and truth claims ; to detect and get the better of personal biass and prejudices ; to explicate and show converting grounds in support of decisions, and to do sensible, intelligent determinations about what to believe and what to make. â€Å" ( Gregory Bassharn, william Irwin, Henry Nardone, James M.Wallace, 1959, Critical thought: a pupil ‘s debut ) . Critical thought in schoolroom includes three chief accomplishments: Understanding the statements and issues that are discussed in the category Measuring critically what are larning. It means discoursing critically the statement or thought. Developing your ain statements on peculiar subjects. The criterion of critical thought The most important critical thought criterions include: Clarity: A critical mind demand to understand clearly what other individual says and express himself clearly. Accuracy: It is the passion for truth, timely information Consistency: That are logical Consistency and practical consistence Preciseness: critical mind have to develop to detect the hints and so detect the solution. Relevance: It means critical mind should utilize the relevant information Logical rightness: It means ground right Completeness: It means believing profoundly and happening the kernel of the issue Fairness: critical mind have to hold open-mindedness Critical thought is good for many grounds. It helps pupils to analyze better by bettering their ability to apprehension, measuring and developing and supporting the statements and beliefs. The barrier of critical thought The most powerful barrier include: Egoism is the inclination to see world as centered on oneself. It include self-interested thought and self-serving prejudice Sociocentrism is group-centered thought. It includes group prejudice and conformity Relativistic thought is believing that is based on the thought that there is no â€Å" nonsubjective † or â€Å" absolute † truth. The most powerful of it is moral relativistic. Unwarranted premise are things we take for granted without good ground Desirous thought is believing something because it makes one feel good Critical thought should be apply in my category because many grounds. First of all, intent of specifically using critical thought in the category is bettering the believing accomplishments of pupils and therefore better fix them to win in the universe. Almost pupils in my category have ne'er been taught how to believe efficaciously about a capable affair, how to properly understand and measure it. That is believing critically. How a pupil can analyze efficaciously if they can non establish the basic accomplishments and cognition? In a logical manner, it can non go on. The pupils will make work less than their ability. The 2nd issue is feasibleness. My category is belong to a esteemed plan. The plan ‘s director will seek to acquire the best for their pupil. They will accept to convey this accomplishment into the plan if it is necessary. In my category, all pupils have graduated university before. They have adequate ability to analyze the new accomplishments. And they besides have inducements to seek to use it because of their good consequences. Therefore, it will be support by the pupils of my category. The 3rd issue is experimental method. Detect the universe, you can see that many states have use it into their class. My class can be analyze the experience of that states. With it ‘s ability, the class director can seek to ask for the instructor from that states to learn for this topic. And pupil can analyze about the theory of critical thought and utilize it for all of topics in the plan and for their life subsequently. That ‘s is why using critical thought can be perform from experience of other states in the universe. Beside of that, because critical thought aid people to believe and work efficaciously, it will assist all critical mind salvage the clip they spend for work. Therefore, pupils in my category can use this accomplishment, they will hold more clip for analyzing or other activities. When critical thought have taught in my category, I suggest some ways that the pupils can use it. The most basic type of critical thought is cognizing how to listen to a talk actively instead than passively. The pupils have to recognize it is of import and carry out it. A good book to read is How to Speak, How to Listen by Mortimer J. Adler. In category, pupils should inquire inquiry. Questions from pupils mean they are believing critically about what instructor are stating. After category, they should reexamine about the lesson and take note what they do non understand. In their instance, it will assist to better authorship accomplishment, a portion of critical thought. Students have to analyze the manner to transform the information and do it their ain by practising paraphrasis, sum up, or sketch all reading assignments. Writing forces them to form their ideas and believe critically about the stuff. They should pattern critical thought accomplishment in mathematic ( assist them believing about nature and world in empirical and quantitative footings ) , in term paper ( necessitating that they get, synthesise, and logically analyze information, and that they so present this information and their decisions in written signifier ) The last 1 is use critical thought in multiple pick reply and pattern their head to believe as critical manner. Finally, I perfectly agree to use critical thought accomplishment into my category because it help all pupils improve their ability in analyzing, in life with scientific discipline analyzing method. With this accomplishment, I believe that the pupils in my category will analyze better than in the yesteryear and they will hold clip to make more things they like.